tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-43118174337339684032024-03-05T18:56:45.596-08:00Textile ResearchersThis is an independent platform for all the learners & researchers worldwide.
Specially for textile engineering scholars who're finding for a report,assignment or analysis on textile related topic then it'll be best option for you.
If you have any related report or assignment then you can send it with a passport size photograph,your short profile and document attachment to the email:
textileresearchers@gmail.com
We shall publish your work if it will be helpful as well relevant.Bakhtiar Ranahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05717506143146621569noreply@blogger.comBlogger10125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4311817433733968403.post-83274097327286564902018-02-25T09:50:00.001-08:002018-02-25T09:50:18.351-08:00Perfect Leader should have the qualities.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75); font-family: "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 3.2rem; margin-bottom: 3.2rem; margin-top: 3.2rem; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">LEADER = Loyal + Enthusiastic + Authentic + Decent +Energetic + Realistic</span></div>
<div class="slate-resizable-image-embed slate-image-embed__resize-middle" data-imgsrc="https://media-exp2.licdn.com/mpr/mpr/AAMAAwDGAAgAAQAAAAAAAA9tAAAAJDYzNmViYzc3LTQ1ZGEtNDE3ZC1iNGRiLWQ1MThkNGVmMmRhOA.jpg" style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75); font-family: "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 3.2rem; margin: 3.2rem 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">
<img data-li-src="https://media.licdn.com/mpr/mpr/AAMAAwDGAAgAAQAAAAAAAA9tAAAAJDYzNmViYzc3LTQ1ZGEtNDE3ZC1iNGRiLWQ1MThkNGVmMmRhOA.jpg" src="https://media.licdn.com/mpr/mpr/AAMAAwDGAAgAAQAAAAAAAA9tAAAAJDYzNmViYzc3LTQ1ZGEtNDE3ZC1iNGRiLWQ1MThkNGVmMmRhOA.jpg" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 432px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /></div>
<div style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75); font-family: "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 3.2rem; margin-bottom: 3.2rem; margin-top: 3.2rem; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Loyal</span>: He/She should be very Loyal to his responsibilities.</div>
<div style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75); font-family: "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 3.2rem; margin-bottom: 3.2rem; margin-top: 3.2rem; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Enthusiastic</span>: Should have strong enthusiasm at any new things & modern technologies.</div>
<div style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75); font-family: "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 3.2rem; margin-bottom: 3.2rem; margin-top: 3.2rem; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Authentic</span>: In every aspects of career, he should be very authentic about his job & duties.</div>
<div style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75); font-family: "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 3.2rem; margin-bottom: 3.2rem; margin-top: 3.2rem; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Decent</span>: Decency is beauty of human being so as a leader one must have a very decent behavior.</div>
<div style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75); font-family: "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 3.2rem; margin-bottom: 3.2rem; margin-top: 3.2rem; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Energetic</span>: He should be self motivated & energetic because his team members depends on him at most of critical moments.</div>
<div style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75); font-family: "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 3.2rem; margin-bottom: 3.2rem; margin-top: 3.2rem; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Realistic</span>: He should be very realistic because he have to take lot of decisions instantly.</div>
</div>
Bakhtiar Ranahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05717506143146621569noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4311817433733968403.post-42737871364830998662016-01-16T04:47:00.002-08:002016-01-16T04:47:29.881-08:00Basic Format of a LC & Instructions<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Basic Format of a LC & Instructions</h2>
<div style="text-align: left;">
507 july 95 09:13 page: 2355 LP00<br />*** HARDCOPY msg id 0131-00010-00333 ***<br />RECEIVED FROM: IMPORTER’S COMMERCIAL BANK<br />TAIPEI, TAIWAN<br />sent to :<br />SELLER’S U.S. COMMERCIAL BANK<br />INTERNATIONAL DIVISION<br />SAN FRANCISCO, CA<br />date : 07 july 95 time : 09.13 issue of a documentary credit **urgent**<br />:27 /sequence of total :1/1<br />:40a/form of documentary credit :IRREVOCABLE<br />:20 /documentary credit number :DOC.500<br />:31C/date of issue :950707 USA<br />:31D/date and place of expiry :950921 USA<br />:50 /applicant :IMPORTER’S COMPANY NAME<br />IMPORTER’S COMPANY ADDRESS<br />TAIWAN<br />:59 /beneficiary :EXPORTER’S COMPANY NAME<br />EXPORTER’S COMPANY ADDRESS<br />USA<br />:32B/currency code amount<br />currency code : USD US DOLLAR<br />amount : #100,000.00#<br />:39B/maximum credit amount :NOT EXCEEDING<br />:41D/available with/by-name, address :ANY BANK<br />BY NEGOTIATION<br />:42C/drafts at :SIGHT<br />:42D/drawee - name and address :IMPORTER’S COMMERCIAL BANK<br />TAIWAN<br />:43P/partial shipments :PROHIBITED<br />:43T/transshipment :PROHIBITED<br />:44A/on board/disp/taking charge :USA PORT<br />:44B/for transportation to :TAIWAN PORT<br />:44C/latest date of shipment :950831<br />:45A/descr goods and/or services :FUJI APPLES<br />CIF TAIWAN<br />:46B/documents required :+COMMERCIAL INVOICE AND THREE COPIES.<br />+FULL SET CLEAN ON BOARD BILLS OF LADING, MARKET FREIGHT<br />PREPAID CONSIGNED TO BUYER.<br />+INSURANCE CERTIFICATE.<br />+CERTIFICATE OF ORIGIN.<br />+USDA INSPECTION CERTIFICATE.<br />:47A/additional conditions :+ALL DRAFTS MUST INDICATE: DRAWN UNDER IMPORTER’S<br />COMMERCIAL BANK TAIWAN LETTER OF CREDIT NUMBER DOC.500<br />:48 /period for presentation :DOCUMENTS ARE TO BE PRESENTED WITHIN 21 DAYS AFTER<br />SHIPMENT BUT WITHIN L/C VALIDITY.<br />:49 /confirmation instructions :WITH<br />48<br />:78 /instructions to pay/acc/neg bk :ALL REQUIRED DOCUMENTS ARE TO BE SENT TO IMPORTER’S<br />COMMERCIAL BANK, TAIPEI, TAIWAN IN ONE SET, VIA COURIER<br />CONFIRMING THAT ALL TERMS AND CONDITIONS HAVE BEEN<br />COMPLIED WITH. DOCUMENTS ARE TO INCLUDE YOUR<br />SETTLEMENT INSTRUCTIONS.<br />:72 /sender to receiver information :THIS CREDIT IS SUBJECT TO THE UNIFORM CUSTOMS AND<br />PRACTICE FOR DOCUMENTARY CREDITS ICC PUBLICATION NO.<br />500, 1993 REVISION.<br />-AUT/**** Authentication Result<br />*END<br />Source: Firstar Bank<br />49</div>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Swift Field Descriptions</h2>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Most letters of credit are issued by electronic means. The following is a list of the fields in a SWIFT MT 700 message<br />(Issuance of Documentary Letter of Credit). Only a few fields are mandatory; most are optional and depend<br />on the nature of the transaction.<br />27 Sequence # (Page number within th4e total sequence)<br />40A Form of Documentary Credit (Irrevocable or Revocable)<br />20 Issuing bank’s reference number<br />31C Date of issue<br />31D Date and place of expiry<br />51A/D Applicant bank/applicant reference number<br />50 Applicant<br />59 Beneficiary<br />32B Currency code and amount<br />39A Percentage credit amount tolerance<br />39B Maximum credit amount<br />39C Additional amounts covered<br />41A/B Available with (bank)...by (payment, negotiation, acceptance)<br />42C Drafts at (sight, time, etc.)<br />42A Drawn on (what party)<br />42M Mixed payment details (part sight, part time)<br />42P Deferred payment details<br />43P Partial shipments (allowed or prohibited)<br />43T Transshipments (allowed or prohibited)<br />44A Loading on board/dispatch/taking in charge from/at...<br />44B For transportation to...<br />44C Latest date of shipment<br />44D Shipment period<br />45A Description of goods and/or services<br />46A Documents required<br />47A Additional conditions<br />71B Charges (which party pays)<br />48 Period for presentation (within L/C validity)<br />49 Confirmation instructions (with/without)<br />53A Reimbursement bank<br />78 Instructions to paying/accepting/negotiating bank<br />57A “Advise Through” Bank<br />72 Sender to receiver information</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Collected</div>
</div>
Bakhtiar Ranahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05717506143146621569noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4311817433733968403.post-34503148884710805572015-11-27T02:10:00.001-08:002015-11-27T02:12:36.883-08:00Short report on American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<span style="color: #215868; mso-themecolor: accent5; mso-themeshade: 128;"></span><br />
<h1>
<span style="color: #215868; mso-themecolor: accent5; mso-themeshade: 128;"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-49PZsGZE3QxcgfqpNncOZABAbkMEnF161NkTTRloCmLW11yg6x2R4x3E7SxiHE5AZ7WNFX7otQbE75QGyLSJ0unkcbf17Crukbp2Ap-L-joiPm03VGmyCVmtOzzthCtcbLfBGJqMKZk/s1600/aatcc.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="66" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-49PZsGZE3QxcgfqpNncOZABAbkMEnF161NkTTRloCmLW11yg6x2R4x3E7SxiHE5AZ7WNFX7otQbE75QGyLSJ0unkcbf17Crukbp2Ap-L-joiPm03VGmyCVmtOzzthCtcbLfBGJqMKZk/s400/aatcc.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
</span></h1>
<h1>
<span style="color: #215868; mso-themecolor: accent5; mso-themeshade: 128;">Introduction:</span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
The American Association of
Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC) is a not-for-profit association that
provides test method development, quality control materials, and professional networking
for textile professionals throughout the world.</div>
<h1>
<span style="color: #215868; mso-themecolor: accent5; mso-themeshade: 128;">History:</span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-themecolor: text1;">AATCC was founded in 1921 by Louis Olney and
other textile professionals in the Boston area (Massachusetts, USA). Since
1964, the association has been headquartered at the AATCC Technical Center in
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA. A complete history of AATCC (tob1996)
is covered in the book Dyeing for a Living by Mark Clark and published by
AATCC.</span></div>
<h1>
<span style="color: #215868; mso-themecolor: accent5; mso-themeshade: 128;">Basic
Information:</span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 352px;">
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<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .1in .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Founded</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">1921</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .1in .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Founder</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Olney" title="Louis Olney"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Louis Olney</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .1in .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Type</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_association" title="Professional association"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Professional
Association</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .1in .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Focus</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile" title="Textile"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Textile</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color" title="Color"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Color</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_Methods" title="Test Methods"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Test Methods</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_control" title="Quality control"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Quality Control</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .1in .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Location</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Triangle_Park,_North_Carolina" title="Research Triangle Park, North Carolina"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Research
Triangle Park</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">,
</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">North Carolina</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .1in .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Area served</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World" title="World"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Worldwide</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .1in .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Website</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://www.aatcc.org/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">www.aatcc.org</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h1>
<span style="color: #215868; mso-themecolor: accent5; mso-themeshade: 128;">Major
Activities:</span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">AATCC has developed
more than 200 textile-related test methods and evaluation procedures. These
methods are published each year in the AATCC Technical Manual. AATCC also
manages several functions relating to International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) textile test method development (AATCC is secretary of
ISO TC38 SC1 and SC2 on behalf of the American National Standards Institute
(ANSI). AATCC offers test method training in 11 locations around the globe,
test method proficiency programs, and quality control products for use in
conducting its test methods.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">AATCC publishes a
journal, AATCC Review, containing technical articles, peer-reviewed research,
and news for textile professionals. A monthly newsletter is distributed by
e-mail. Other publications include books, training CDs, and online instruction.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The association
conducts educational programs such as workshops, seminars, conferences, and
symposia on many aspects of textiles. Proficiency programs are available for
labs to participate in.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Each year, AATCC honors
outstanding members and the greater textile community with a number of awards,
including the Olney Medal for outstanding achievement in textile chemistry. The
Millson Award for Invention recognizes outstanding contributions to textile
technology, the Harold C. Chapin Award is presented for exemplary service to
AATCC, and the J. William Weaver Paper of the Year Award goes to the authors of
the best peer-reviewed manuscript published in AATCC Review during the year. Students
may compete for several awards including a research paper competition, a fabric
and textile product design competition, and a materials design competition.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">AATCC Foundation Inc.
was established in 1997 and operates independently in the furtherance of the
charitable mission of the association by providing scholarships and research
grants to undergraduate and graduate students studying textiles and related
fields.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">AATCC works in
cooperation with other textile associations including the Textile Institute (UK),
Asociacion Argentina de Quimicos y Coloristas Textiles (Argentina), and the
China Textile Information Center (China). Together with its counterpart in the
United Kingdom, the Society of Dyers and Colourists, AATCC maintains the Colour
Index International, a reference database of pigments and dyes.</span></div>
<h1>
<span style="color: #215868; mso-themecolor: accent5; mso-themeshade: 128;">Organizational
segmentation:</span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Local sections and
student chapters are formed by association members located in a particular
geographical area. Sections and chapters further the exchange of textile
information by arranging meetings, lectures, and other technical or social
activities. Several sections make up a region.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">AATCC is administered
by a board of directors, including regional representatives who are elected by
the members from their region. Eligible members of all regions elect the AATCC
President. AATCC staff is based at the AATCC Technical Center and provide
administrative assistance to the board. Research committees, made up of
volunteer members, are responsible for test method development. Administrative
committees, also consisting of volunteer members, are responsible for the
various activities of the association.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">There are three
interest groups within AATCC:</span></div>
<h2>
<span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Chemical
Applications Interest Group:</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Stimulates and expands
its members' knowledge base of applying chemicals ( preparation aids,
colorants, finishes, polymers, etc.) to textile substrates. This includes the
technologies, equipment, systems, and processes used, as well as the tested
physical/mechanical properties of treated materials.</span></div>
<h2>
<span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Concept 2
Consumer (C2C) Interest Group:</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Focuses on the creation
of textiles and textile-containing products, from design to retail. C2C
activities promote the association to the retail, merchandising, and design
communities to increase membership and participation in activities benefiting
textile, apparel, and home fashions production.</span></div>
<h2>
<span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Materials
Interest Group:</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Addresses the latest
innovations in fibers and fiber products, including smart textiles, novel
fibers, medical/biomedical, and protective textiles. Areas of interest include
modifications of existing structures and the creation of unique chemical,
polymer, and fiber-based materials. The Materials Interest Group concentrates
on the science and engineering used to create new materials, along with any technologies,
equipment, systems, and processes developed for their commercial production and
their tested physical/mechanical properties.</span></div>
<h1>
<span style="color: #215868; mso-themecolor: accent5; mso-themeshade: 128;">Memberships:</span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">AATCC has individual,
student, and corporate members in areas of the textile industry such as retail
quality control, design, and merchandising; textile and apparel manufacturing;
textile fiber, dye, chemical, instrument, and machinery manufacturing; testing
labs; and academia. Several other textile-related associations are also members
of AATCC.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Membership requiting
shall take place once a year in the spring semester.</span></div>
<h1>
<span style="color: #215868; mso-themecolor: accent5; mso-themeshade: 128;">Membership
Statement:</span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Membership is limited
to all students who are enrolled with the Florida State University. No hazing
or discrimination will be used as a condition of membership in this organization.
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">No university student
may be denied membership on the basis of race, creed, religion, gender, age,
sexual orientation, national origin, marital status, parental status,
disability, or the inability to pay dues.</span></div>
<h1>
<span style="color: #215868; mso-themecolor: accent5; mso-themeshade: 128;">Revocation
of Membership:</span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Membership may be
revoked without mutual agreement for misconduct, or violations of any
provisions of the Constitution. The member will be notified in writing of the
possible revocation at least 72 hours prior to the vote and will be allowed to
address the organization in order to relate to members any relevant defense
prior to the voting for removal. Membership can only be revoked upon a 2/3
majority vote of eligible members. Revocation of membership will be valid for
two semesters.</span></div>
<h1>
<span style="color: #215868; mso-themecolor: accent5; mso-themeshade: 128;">Selection
of Officers:</span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Eligibility to Vote and
Hold Office:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Active voting
membership will be limited to all students who are active members in good
standing. Only active voting members who meet the requirements stated in
Article IV, Section 1 are eligible to hold offices. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Nomination Process</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The nomination of
officers shall occur at the beginning of each Fall semester, if there are
positions available. Any eligible member (as defined in Article III Section 1)
present may nominate someone or themselves for office by verbally nominating
the individual during this procedure. However, the nominee must be considered
an eligible member (as defined in Article III Section 1). Absentee ballots and
proxy ballots are not permitted in the nomination or election process. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Election Process:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The election of
officers shall occur at the beginning of each Fall semester after an
informational meeting has been conducted. The nominated candidates will be
given a chance to address the organization to discuss his/her qualifications
and reasons why they should be selected. Once each candidate has had the
opportunity to speak, all eligible members present will have the opportunity to
vote by secret ballot. The faculty/staff advisor and current highest-ranking
officer not running for office will tabulate all votes. The highest-ranking
officer not running for office shall announce the officer with a simple
majority of votes cast by eligible members. After announcing the new officer
the highest-ranking officer not running for office shall ask if any eligible members
contest the count. If no eligible member contests the count the new officer
shall take office immediately. If an eligible member contests the count the
faculty/staff advisor and the highest-ranking officer not running for office
will recount all votes. In the event of a tie, the President shall cast the
deciding vote for office unless he/she is running for the said office. In that
case, the next highest-ranking officer shall make the deciding vote. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Term of Office:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The length of office
shall last as long as the elected officer is a Florida State University student
and meet all requirements of elected position. Newly elected officers shall
take office immediately after the announcement at the second scheduled meeting in
the Fall and their term will end on a voluntary basis as long as they are
enrolled at FSU and effectively meet all officer responsibilities.</span></div>
<h1>
<span style="color: #215868; mso-themecolor: accent5; mso-themeshade: 128;">Responsibilities
of Executive Board:</span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The President shall: </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">• Supervise the
activities of the organization. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">• Preside over all
meetings and call all meetings to order. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">• Be one of three
signers on financial documents. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">• Coordinate all
conferences. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">• Ensure all officers
are performing their duties as defined in this Constitution. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">• Assign special
projects to officers. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">• Be familiar with
Robert’s Rules of Order to conduct meetings. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Vice President
shall: </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">• Assist the President
in his/her duties </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">• Assumes the
Presidents responsibilities in his/her absence. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">• Keep accurate records
of all meetings in the Secretary’s absence. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">• Plan and be
responsible for all retreats and training of the organization. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">• Assist in special
projects as assigned by the President. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Secretary shall: </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">• Notify members of
meetings via e-mail and/or telephone at least 72 hours in advance. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">• Keep accurate records
of all meetings. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">• Maintain accurate
list of members and their contact information. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">• Perform a verbal role
call of all members and maintain an attendance record.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">• Prepare ballots for
elections. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">• Keep copy of
constitution and have available for members </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">• Assist in special
projects as assigned by the President. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Treasurer shall: </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">• Keep an accurate
account of all funds received and expended. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">• Be one of three signers
on financial documents. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">• Be responsible for
collecting dues and notifying members who are delinquent in their payments. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">• Be responsible for
creating budget reports at the beginning of each Fall and Spring semester and
as requested by the President, Vice President, and/or FSU faculty/staff
advisor. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Historian shall:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">• Document all
important chapter events and keep accurate and complete records<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of chapter activities. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">• Keep an updated
scrapbook with pictures, letters, newspaper clippings, and other interesting
items.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">• Assist successor and
provide them with current historical record of AATCC events.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">• Assist in special
projects as assigned by the President. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Publicist shall: </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">• Provide the public
with outstanding notifications of AATCC events, meeting and activities </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">• Create posters,
banners, flyers and other appropriate media for all club meetings and
activities and posting them in allocated locations (Locations to post flyers:
the Student Union and all four floors of the Sandals building. Place flyers on
cork boards outside of each professors door, in glass cases and on glass
casings.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">• Keep accurate records
of all marketing strategies used during their time in office.</span></div>
<h1>
<span style="color: #215868; mso-themecolor: accent5; mso-themeshade: 128;">Financing
systems:</span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Membership Dues:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Membership dues shall
be twenty dollars per year or ten dollars per semester. Membership dues will be
collected at the first meeting of the Fall and Spring Semester. No membership
dues will be collected during Summer terms. As stated in Article III Section 1,
no university student may be denied membership due to inability to pay dues. If
a member is not able to pay dues, other arrangements will be made.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Spending Organization’s
Money:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">For the protection of
the organization and its officers it is required that two authorized signatures
sign all monetary transactions. Only the President, Treasurer, and FSU
Faculty/Staff Advisor can be signers on the organization’s account.
Organizational funds may be spent on items such as office supplies,
events/activities, publicity, travel expenses, conference fees, etc., but will
not be used for anything illegal under University, local, state, and federal
laws.</span></div>
<h1>
<span style="color: #215868; mso-themecolor: accent5; mso-themeshade: 128;">Amendments:</span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Amendments to any law
of the constitution must be proposed in writing to the President. The amendment
must then be presented to the organization during a scheduled meeting and
should include a full explanation and/or rationale for the amendment. The
amendment must be voted on at the next scheduled meeting. The amendment shall
not take effect until approved by a 2/3 majority vote of eligible members of
the organization.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">These above all
discussions are representing the major functions of AATCC.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Thanks to<b> Wahidur
Rahman Sir </b>for his<b> </b>precious<b> </b>direction and encourages to
successfully completing my analytical report on such type of important topic.</span></div>
<h1>
<span style="color: #073763;">References:</span></h1>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "wingdings"; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><a href="http://www.aatcc.org/">www.aatcc.org</a></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "wingdings"; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>AATCC constitution revised version 2008.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "wingdings"; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>www.fsu.edu.us</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prepared by </span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Md. Bakhtiar Rana</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Department
of Textile Engineering</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">City
University Bangladesh.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
Bakhtiar Ranahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05717506143146621569noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4311817433733968403.post-71625932532657138662015-11-27T01:43:00.002-08:002015-11-27T01:43:39.041-08:00How to write a front page for Industrial Internship ?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Bakhtiar Ranahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05717506143146621569noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4311817433733968403.post-176335987119133732015-11-27T01:37:00.002-08:002015-11-27T01:37:57.464-08:00How to write a standard CV ?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">CURRICULUM
VITAE</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 17.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>of</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Vrinda; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Md. Bakhtiar Rana</span></b>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Vrinda; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Akhi Neer, Central mosque road </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Vrinda; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Khagan , Birulia , Dhaka </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Vrinda; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Contact Number: ........................... </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Vrinda; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Email : bakhtiarrana19@gmail.com <span id="goog_1296447758"></span><span id="goog_1296447759"></span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
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<span class="workshoptitle1"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Objective:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: list .5in left 117.0pt; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">To work in a challenging
environment</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: list .5in left 117.0pt; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">To
work in a team with National & Multi National Organization.</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: list .5in left 117.0pt; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Committed
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with the people in any situation.</span></li>
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<br /></div>
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<span class="workshoptitle1"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Education:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><br /></span></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Bachelor of Science
in Textile Engineering (B.S.T.E)</span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Name of Institution<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: ....................... University Bangladesh</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Major Subject<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:
Wet Processing Technology</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Duration<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Four years </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Passing
year <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: 2015</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">CGPA<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: 0.00 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">(Scale Out of 4.00)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><br /></span></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Higher Secondary Certificate (H.S.C)</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Name of Institution<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: .................. Government College<span style="color: #0e0e0e;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Board<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Rajshahi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Group<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Science</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Duration<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Two years.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Passing year<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: 2009</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">GPA<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">0.00</span> (Scale Out of 5.00)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><br /></span></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Secondary
School Certificate (S.S.C)</span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Name of Institution<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: ................. High School<span style="color: #0e0e0e;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Board<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Rajshahi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Group<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Science</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Duration<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Five years.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Passing
year<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: 2007</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">GPA<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">0.00</span> (Scale Out of
5.00)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: #BFBFBF; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span class="workshoptitle1"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Skills/Strengths:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Computer:</span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Operating
System<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Windows 7,Windows8</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Software<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Microsoft Office (MS Word , Excel
& Power Point).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Typing
Skills<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: 22 words per minute.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 145.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mailing<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Regular at email checking.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><br /></span></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Language</span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">: </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Excellent
performance in Bangla.</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Naturally</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">speaking in</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">English</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">.</span></b>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><br /></span></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Personal</span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:</span></b></div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Having
highly motivating<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>power. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Able
to get any decision confidently & timely in any environment.</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Skilled
in internet browsing.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Skilled<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in motivating of an individual or a group of
people.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Expertise
in any type of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>presentation.</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Skilled
in planning and executing any program effectively.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Expert
in group formation, group discussion, and training schedule preparation</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: #BFBFBF; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span class="workshoptitle1"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Extra Curricular
Activities:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Former
General Secretary of 'X'</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span> University Debating Club (CUDC).</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Director
of Protikriti Theater at </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">'X'</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></span> </span> University.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Vice-president
of </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">'X'</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></span> </span> University Cultural Club (CUCC).</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Joint
Secretary of </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">'X'</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></span> University Textile Club (CUTC).</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Worked
at<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Debate For Democracy& Public Parliament (ATN Bangla)</span></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: #BFBFBF; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span class="workshoptitle1"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Training/Workshops:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Leadership Skill Developing Seminer by CUTC</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Merchandising
Seminar by CUTC.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mill
Visit & DTG Fair Visit by CUTC.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Event
Organizer at Intra University Debating Competition CU 2013.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Arranging
& Anchoring many cultural program at campus & outside.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Organized
some open workshop organized by Bangladesh Textile Today.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: #BFBFBF; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span class="workshoptitle1"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Professional
Achievement:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Best Speaker </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Certificate<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">IUDFCU</span> 2013.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: #BFBFBF; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span class="workshoptitle1"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Personal
Details:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Father’s Name<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
Md.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Abdur Rashid</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mother’s Name<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: MST. Hasina Khatun</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Date of Birth<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:
1<sup>st</sup> January 1992</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Nationality<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Bangladeshi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Marital Status <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
Single</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sex<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>: Male</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Height<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>: </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">5'6"</span><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Weight<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: 63 kg</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Religion<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Islam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Blood Group<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
A (-ve)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Present address<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Khagan , Birulia , Dhaka.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Permanent
address<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Vill : ...................<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>P.O: ................</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thana : .............<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dist : ...............</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: #BFBFBF; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span class="workshoptitle1"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Reference:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></span></div>
<table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-left: left; mso-table-lspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-rspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-top: 10.35pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 635px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 93.65pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border: none; height: 93.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 249.5pt;" valign="top" width="333">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.35pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.35pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Engr.
Arifuzzaman</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.35pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sr.
Lecturer & Coordinator</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.35pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Department
of Textile Engineering</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.35pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">City
University Bangladesh.</span></div>
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<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Mobile-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">.........................</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 93.65pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 227.05pt;" valign="top" width="303">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.35pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: right;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.35pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: center 102.75pt right 205.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Engr. Adil Sarkar</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.35pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Advisor</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 10.35pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Association
of Textile Engineers & Technologists.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Head
of Technical ( Spinning Divission)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rahmat
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Group.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mobile: .......................</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Date:30/11/15<span style="mso-tab-count: 8;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Signature,</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Md. BakhtiarRana</span></b></div>
</div>
Bakhtiar Ranahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05717506143146621569noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4311817433733968403.post-62489452280868332432015-11-26T01:35:00.001-08:002015-11-26T01:35:27.301-08:00Analytic on Formulation of Computer Color Matching System<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: left;">
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<h1 align="center" style="text-align: center;">
<span class="MsoIntenseReference"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #423324; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: accent4; mso-themeshade: 128;"><br /></span></i></span><span class="MsoIntenseReference"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></i></span></h1>
<div style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color rgb(96, 118, 180); border-image: none; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0in 0in 4pt;">
<div class="MsoTitle">
<strong><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Introduction</span></strong></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The basis of visual and computerized
processes for determining the dye concentrations to use in color matching is a
series of colorant dyeing commonly known as “primaries”. The accurate
production and evaluation of these primaries are essential parts of ensuring
accurate results from the color matching process selected. Utilization of
poorly developed primaries, especially in computer color matching is very
confusing for the result of dyeing. Our analysis will present basic guidelines
for preparing and evaluating dye primaries that will lead to success in
computer color matching.</span></div>
<div style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color rgb(96, 118, 180); border-image: none; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0in 0in 4pt;">
<div class="MsoTitle">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">Dye Process Variables</span></b></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The first step in preparing a set of
dye primaries is to identify and evaluate the variables used in the production
of the dyeing. These variables include:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">the equipment used</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">the dyeing process</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dye and chemical selection</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">fabric selection and</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">weighting technique.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Before preparing the first set of primaries,
test each of these items to ensure repeatability . If the process of dyeing the
primaries is not consistent, generating accurate formulas from a computer color
matching system will be difficult at best.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dyeing Equipment</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Most primary dyeing will be prepared on
lab-scale equipment heated by glycol, infrared energy, glass beads, or some
other heating medium. Equipment problems can lead to dyeing variability.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dyeing Process</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Regardless of the equipment used, the
actual dyeing process must produce samples that correlate well with production
equipment. Colors approved from lab dyeing that can be dyed in production with
minimal variation will mean fewer adds on new shades. Correlation can be
increased by proper control of temperature, liquor ratio, heating and cooling
cycles, auxiliary selection, and sample size. It may be necessary to modify one
or more of these factors to increase lab to production correlation as well as
to ensure day today repeatability. In cases where correlation is not possible
special compensation factors can be used to increase the accuracy of the
software’s shade predictions.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dye and Chemical Selection</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As mentioned previously, chemical
selection and the amounts used in the lab should be based upon the processes
required to ensure good repeatability and lab to production correlation. This
means that there may be occasions where lab and production formulas use
different amounts of some auxiliaries. A program of quality checks for incoming
chemicals should be established to minimize strength variability. Dye selection
typically depends upon the type of material being dyed and on end-use
requirements.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fabric Selection</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The initial set of
primaries must all be done on the same type of material to ensure continuity. Select
a material that is used often in the dyeing facility and has exhibited good shade
repeatability. If a common material is not available, select an alternative material
with sufficient quantity available to dye all primaries that are to be loaded into
the software.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Weighing Technique</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Precision
in weighing of fabric, dyes, and chemicals is essential in producing accurate, repeatable
dye primaries. Calibrated scales that measure to two or three decimal places
for fabric and analytical scales for weighing of powdered dye are required.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color rgb(96, 118, 180); border-image: none; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0in 0in 4pt;">
<div class="MsoTitle">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">Preparing the Primaries</span></b></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">After the process variables have been defined and modified to
produce repeatable and accurate dyeing, colorant primaries can be prepared for
all dyes to be used in the formulation system as follows:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Blank Dyeing</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">An
essential part of developing a colorant database is the blank dyeing. A blank
dyeing or mock dyeing as it is often called as simply a piece of the material
used to dye the primaries that has been exposed to a complete dyeing process
without any dye. The blank dyeing should include the same auxiliaries, dye
cycle, and finish process if used. Any color change that results from the <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>process can then be accounted for
when the blank dyeing is entered into the database.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Selection of Dye Concentrations</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">There
are a few guidelines to follow when determining the concentrations to select
when preparing dye primaries, but there are no specific rules. Typically, eight
to twelve levels are selected that accurately characterize the build behavior
of each dye, or at least cover the range used in production. The number of
samples dyed will also be dependent upon the number of primaries the software
will accept.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color rgb(96, 118, 180); border-image: none; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0in 0in 4pt;">
<div class="MsoTitle">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">Storing the Primary Data</span></b></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">After
the primaries have been prepared, the next step is to store them into the color
system’s database. Proper techniques in sample measurement must be used or all
of the effort put into accurately dyeing the primaries will be lost.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Instrument Considerations </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Before
measuring samples on the spectrophotometer, perform diagnostic tests to check
the accuracy of the measurements. These tests should include a drift test to
check for read to read repeatability, a diagnostic tile test to ensure long
term repeatability, and a standardization or calibration with a white tile.
Only the white tile calibration is required daily while the other diagnostic
tests can be performed on a weekly basis. Any poor test results should be
resolved prior to measuring any of the primary samples. Long term stability of the
instrument is critical due to the fact that primaries are often used for many
years. Spectrophotometers make use of one of two light sources like a tungsten
filament bulb or a xenon flash bulb.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Measurement Technique</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">All samples should be measured multiple times with
the largest area view available on the</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">spectrophotometer being used. A repeatable
measurement technique based on the number of layers of material used and sample
rotation should be developed prior to measuring the primaries.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Now the numerical measurement of computer color
matching system are describing below.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color rgb(96, 118, 180); border-image: none; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0in 0in 4pt;">
<div class="MsoTitle">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">The Mathematics of Computer Color Matching</span></b></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">For
a computer formulation program to work effectively there must be a mathematical
relationship between the concentrations of each dye used to produce a sample
and the sample’s color. It is not the purpose of this paper to discuss in
complete detail the mathematics of color matching, but a brief description will
follow. More detailed information may be obtained from a large assortment of
textbooks and articles .The mathematical basis for all color matching software
is the Kubelka-Munk series of equations. These equations state that for opaque
samples such as textile materials, the ratio of total light absorbed and
scattered by a mixture of dyes is equal to the sum of theratios of light absorbed
and scattered by the dyes measured separately. Where absorption is defined as
“K” and scattering is defined as “S”, Kubelka-Munk states that ¹:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(K/S) mixture = (K/S) dye </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1 </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">+ (K/S) dye </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2 </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">+ (K/S) dye </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3 </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">+ ...</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">K/S
is not a readily measurable quantity, but it can be calculated from the
reflectance of a</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">sample<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“R” by the Kubelka-Munk equation that states
²:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">K/S = ( 1 - R ) ² / 2R</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">As
an example, if a sample has a reflectance of 20% at a wavelength of 500nm, then
the</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">K/S
can be calculated as:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">K/S = ( 1 - 0.2) ² / 2(0.2) = 1.6</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">If
the K/S of a target color is measured at several wavelengths, the
concentrations of each dye can be calculated by trial and error from primary
dyeing to achieve the closest match. A computer color-matching program is capable
of performing hundreds of iterations in a short period of time to produce the
initial dye concentrations.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">After this mathematical evaluation we need
some graphical analysis for primaries used inn K/S and this graphs are looking
like as shown as bellows:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgKp-w4K0soIDKrSMwk-TpqkkRYNPKC35yeqk0HIqtm54i3veCDLkrxFjhxkU2mi0TZFyx7es_CwQL-tB6y91fGOlNAyUINJWo2Dpe7A-MwYbmCAnQ_aqi553jSij-xAW3TMoXj1xVsLo/s1600/th.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="207" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgKp-w4K0soIDKrSMwk-TpqkkRYNPKC35yeqk0HIqtm54i3veCDLkrxFjhxkU2mi0TZFyx7es_CwQL-tB6y91fGOlNAyUINJWo2Dpe7A-MwYbmCAnQ_aqi553jSij-xAW3TMoXj1xVsLo/s400/th.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">And
finally the confirmation of these tests are made by particular options of data
color software and visual expression.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color rgb(96, 118, 180); border-image: none; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0in 0in 4pt;">
<div class="MsoTitle">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">Conclusions</span></b></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A
computer color matching system is not a “black box” that magically produces the
exact formula for a sample on demand. The accurate preparation of dye primaries
and the careful evaluation of the stored data are essential if a color matching
system is to be able to predict formulas with any consistency. As this is
accomplished, significant reductions in the number of dyeing required to match
new shades are made possible.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color rgb(96, 118, 180); border-image: none; border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0in 0in 4pt;">
<div class="MsoTitle">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">References</span></b></div>
</div>
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Principles of color technology by Billmeyer
& Saltsman</li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span>Datacolor international NC.</li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Prepared by, </b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Bakhtiar Rana</b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Editor - In - Chiep</b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Textile Researchers </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
Bakhtiar Ranahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05717506143146621569noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4311817433733968403.post-18077080717078351822015-11-26T00:48:00.001-08:002015-11-26T00:48:38.786-08:00How to write a simple cover letter?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">November
12, 2015</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Human
Resources Management</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bay
Development Ltd.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">House-35,
Road-3/B</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Gulshan-2,
Dhaka</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Subject </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">: <u>Applying for the post of an
executive (Sales).</u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dear
Sir,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">I
am writing in response to your advertisement published in “ The daily Star”
dated on November<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>10, 2015. The position
requirements and my skills are a perfect match.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">As
you’ll see on my enclosed resume, I have the educational background ,
professional experience, and track record for which you are searching. In
addition , I’m self motivated and enthusiastic and would appreciate the
opportunity to contribute to your firms success.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">I
can give you the assurance that meeting with me will not be a waste of your
time and I will make myself available at your convenience , during or outside
of normal business hours.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sincerely,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Suhag
Rana</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Attachment:
(1) A complete resume.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> (2) ...............................</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> (3) .............................. </span></div>
</div>
Bakhtiar Ranahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05717506143146621569noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4311817433733968403.post-25883688941040745282015-11-25T12:31:00.003-08:002015-11-26T01:23:44.878-08:00A study on structural properties of textile fibers<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Introduction:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">In beginning of textile industry in all
over the world, the textile fibers are essentially needed for making any
textile product. So all textile fibers have to fill some required properties
for proper processing. If we want to explain about the structural properties
textile fibers, at first we need to know about the textile fiber.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Textile fiber :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Textile fiber has some characteristics
which differ between fiber to textile fiber. Textile fiber can be spun into a
yarn or made into a fabric by various methods including weaving, knitting,
braiding, felting, and twisting. The essential requirements for fibers to be
spun into yarn include a length of at least 5 millimeters, flexibility,
cohesiveness, and sufficient strength. Other important properties include
elasticity, fineness, uniformity, durability, and luster.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">So we can say that all textile fibers
have need a specific structure and also need some special properties.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The structure offibers refers to
longitudinal and cross sectional structure and appearance of fiber. Two main
reasons show the importance of microstructure of a textile fiber and filament,
those are listed below:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1. Conclusive
identification.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2. Influence on skin
contact comfort.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>effect of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>those two reasons are shortly denoted here,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">For cotton, flax, viscose or wool it is
possible to make a conclusive identification by microscopic examination of the
longitudinal and cross-sectional structure of the fiber or filament. The individual
characteristics of the textile micro-structure influences skin contact comfort.
For example, the minute surface irregularities of the other-wise regular and
even fiber structure of cotton and silk make them comfortable and pleasant to
wear. In contrast, the extremely smooth, even, regular surface structure of
fibers such as nylon and polyester results aesthetically un-desirable and
uncomfortable against the skin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">In this part now I’m giving a short
brief about some specific properties of textile fibers which are mandatory for
any</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Physical Properties:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">1. Length</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">2. Fineness</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">3. Crimp</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">4. Maturity</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 120.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">5. Lusture<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">6. Softness</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">7. Resiliency</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">8. Work of rupture</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">9. Density</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">10. Appearance</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">11. Flexibility</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">12. Toughness</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">13. Elongation</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mechanical Properties:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1. </span></b><a href="http://textilelearner.blogspot.com/2011/07/tensile-properties-of-textile-material.html" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tensile Properties</span></b></a><b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tensile properties indicates how a material will
react to the forces being applied in Tension. Fibers usually experience tensile
loads whether they are used for apparel or technical structures. Their form,
which is long and fine, makes them some of the strongest materials available as
well as very flexible. This book provides a concise and authoritative overview
of tensile behaviour of a wide range of both natural and synthetic fibres used
both in textiles and high performance materials.<br />
</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<b><span style="color: #002060;">2. </span></b></span><a href="http://textilelearner.blogspot.com/2011/07/flexural-property-of-textile-fiber.html" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Flexural Properties</span></b></a><b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Flexural properties is one of the mechanical
properties of textile material. It is the property or behaviour shown by the
fibre or material when we bend it. The importance of Flexural properties is
required when we wear cloth. The flexural test measures the force required to
bend a beam under three point loading conditions. The data is often used to
select materials for parts that will support loads without flexing. Flexural
modulus is used as an indication of a material’s stiffness when flexed.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
<br />
<br /> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><span style="color: #002060;">3</span></b></span>
<b><span style="color: #002060;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><u></u></span></span><span style="color: #002060;">. </span></b></span><a href="http://textilelearner.blogspot.com/2011/07/torsional-properties-of-fiber-torsional.html" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Torsional Properties</span></b></a><b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The behaviors which are shown by a textile material
when it is subjected to a torsional force is called torsional property. It is
the property of fibre or material when a Torsional force is applied on it. Here
Torsional force is a twisting force that is applied on the two ends of the material
in two opposite direction.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #002060;">4. </span></b></span><a href="http://textilelearner.blogspot.com/2011/07/frictional-propertty-of-textile-fiber.html" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fictional Properties</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Frictional properties is due to the friction between
the fibres. This properties are shown during processing. Too high friction and
too low friction is not good for yarn. Therefore it is an important property
when yarn manufacturing and processing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Chemical properties:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Resistance to chemicals determines the
appropriateness of care procedures and end uses for fibers. Chemical properties
of fiber are directly related by the ratio of amorphous to crystalline regions
in its polymer system. More crystalline or highly oriented polymer system will
be more chemically resistant than fiber with a more amorphous polymer system.
The more amorphous polymer system, with its greater inter-polymer spaces,
allows penetration of the ions, molecules or radicals of degrading agent or
dyes to color the fiber.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Thermal properties:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Textile fiber or filament at particular
temperature gets softened and begins to melt. This temperature is a relative
measure of the heat resistance of fiber. It gives the information that at what
temperature the fiber may be safely heat-processed during finishing, pressed
during garment manufacture, hot laundered, and ironed after dry cleaning.The
softening and melting point temperatures of a fiber are directly related to the
crystallinty of its polymer system, the length of its polymers, and the type
and number of inter-polymer forces of attraction holding its polymer system
together. Due to more crystalline polymer system, there will be longer polymer
chain and stronger will be its inter-polymer forces of attraction. Thus more
heat or kinetic energy will be required to free the polymers from each other.
This would result in the fiber having a greater resistance to heat, as well as
to softening and melting at a higher temperature.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fiber tenacity</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tenacity, or tensile strength, is the
ability of a textile to withstand a pulling force. The tenacity is measured by
measuring the force needed to break or rupture the fiber when both of its ends
are in clamp. Breaking tenacity for a fiber is the force, in grams per denier
or tex, required to break the fiber. The tenacity of fiber differs when it is wet
or when it is dry. In general it directly depends on:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 162.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">a. Length of its
polymers<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">b. Degree of polymer orientation</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">c. Strength and types of inter-polymer
forces of attraction formed between polymers</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Thus, the longer the polymers, the more
crystalline will be the orientation, as a result stronger will be the
inter-polymer forces of attraction and the stronger and more inflexible be the
fiber. type of processing of textile materials by these fibers.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Linearity</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Fiber polymer should be linear i.e. the
polymers should not be branched. Highly linear polymers will form more
crystalline regions, which results in a large number of inter-polymer forces of
attraction within the polymer system.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">1) Only linear polymers results in
polymer alignment which brings sufficient inter-polymer forces of attraction to
give a cohesive po1ymer system and, hence, useful textile fiber.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">2) In manufacturing of manmade fiber it
should have the right stereo polymer for the extrusion of textile filaments.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">3) Linear polymers can assume various
configurations.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">4) Branched polymers prevent close
packing of polymers unlike in the case of linear polymers.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Branched polymers, cross linked
polymers, or three dimensionally cross linked polymer systems are not desirable
for the production of textile fibers. Polymers which are bulky or branched
cannot pack close together, which prevents the formation of crystalline regions
in the polymer system of the textile fiber. The inability to form crystalline
regions means there will be less forces of attraction exerting their influence
to hold the polymers in an orderly arrangement, thus resulting in a weak fiber.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Finally the most important issue of
structural properties of a fiber is fiber orientation are mentioning below:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fiber orientation</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Fiber polymers should be capable of
being oriented. The polymers are aligned into more or less parallel order in
the direction of the longitudinal axis of the fiber or filament. The
orientation of polymers in the polymer system of any fiber consists of two
forms. The two forms of polymer orientation are:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Amorphous regions (random).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">2. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Crystalline regions (highly ordered, highly
oriented).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Within the fiber orientation system:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">a.The extent of the areas of
crystallinity and amorphousness varies.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">b.The proportions of the areas of
amorphousness and crystallinity vary considerably.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">c.The proportions of the areas
amorphousness and crystallinity in natural fibers vary by nature.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">d. The extent of the areas of
amorphousness and crystallinity can be maintained during the production of
manmade fibers.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Now the properties of Amorphous and
Crystalline region of fibers are listed below :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Properties of Amorphousfibers
:</span></b></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">More absorbent </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Weaker </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Less durable </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">More easily degraded by
chemicals </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">More easily dyed </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">More pliable, softer handling </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Plastic, more easily distorted</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Properties of
crystalline fibers :</span></b></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Less absorbent </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stronger </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">More durable </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Less easily degraded by
chemicals </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Less easily dyed </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Less pliable, stiffer handling </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Less plastic, resist being
distorted </span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: #0f243e; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 128;">The diagram of Amorphous and Crystalline region of a sample
fiber are including below for easy understanding of fiber orientation.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh826ypaR6KhVarOkJnSTFtB6DLfrmKfM-0LqDe0XBto2JbwibLrFW5POZpoku_mHVU-enI9CUz4EakgtkyG5FVgo_y5MRdtnrZ_WSHd09OBQlusJB7AN2BeqMSVLFfv447NI3erxwRaGg/s1600/fbrs.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="166" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh826ypaR6KhVarOkJnSTFtB6DLfrmKfM-0LqDe0XBto2JbwibLrFW5POZpoku_mHVU-enI9CUz4EakgtkyG5FVgo_y5MRdtnrZ_WSHd09OBQlusJB7AN2BeqMSVLFfv447NI3erxwRaGg/s400/fbrs.jpg" width="400" /></a></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Fig
: A fiber’s polymer system representing amorphous and crystalline regions.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Based on this above discussion we can
strongly assured that the structural properties of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>fibers , specially textile fibers are very
important part of textile sector because without these properties a textile
fiber can not be processed for its further step.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Special Thanks to <b>Arnab Basak Sir</b>
for his precious assistance to make this analysis successfully.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">References : </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1. </span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">www.iit.elearning.in</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2. Handbook of textile fiber by ‘‘H.Voltz”</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVVjSzbYH6kwLvGgTm9RiEUJSO7zwZdOTkrPNd2B7r2N-hjOBwv2bQimxanGmxHXyLnqwMbNqt4ojVcYvl_eXa4yQjejtrZa4GwUBfJJL9yfddfsGs2W2iKSsGOFjejX2nQkMPYECsdMI/s1600/IMG_20151031_021405.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVVjSzbYH6kwLvGgTm9RiEUJSO7zwZdOTkrPNd2B7r2N-hjOBwv2bQimxanGmxHXyLnqwMbNqt4ojVcYvl_eXa4yQjejtrZa4GwUBfJJL9yfddfsGs2W2iKSsGOFjejX2nQkMPYECsdMI/s200/IMG_20151031_021405.jpg" width="193" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Md.
Bakhtiar Rana</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">B. Sc in Textile Engineering </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">City University Bangladesh</span></b></div>
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Bakhtiar Ranahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05717506143146621569noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4311817433733968403.post-88682592396979856312015-11-25T11:19:00.000-08:002015-11-26T01:22:25.154-08:00A study on Eco Friendly Textile Fibres<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: #0f243e; font-size: 14pt;">ECO-TEXTILE</span></b></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The textile industry has been
condemned as being one of the world’s worst offenders in</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">terms of pollution because the
textile industry is one of the most chemically intensive industries on earth,
and the no.1 polluter of clean water for using as many as 2,000 different
chemicals in the textile industry from dyes to transfer agents.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">For these kind of ecological hazards,
now a days the use of ecofriendly textile materials are increasing
significantly.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Which types of textile fibers are
very friendly with environment and have no hazardous impact on ecology those
are called <b>Eco Textiles.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">There are many types of ecofriendly
fibers which are used in the textile industry.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Here we are giving a briefly
description on some of ecofriendly textile fibers below:</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #0f243e; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 128;">Bamboo</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1. Bamboo is one of nature’s most
sustainable resources; it’s 100% biodegradable and is naturally regenerative.
Bamboo grows extremely fast, up to one foot a day.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2. Taken from the plant, bamboo
is spun into yarns with no chemical modification by crushing the bamboo plant
and then using natural enzymes to break the bamboo walls into a pulp so that
the natural fibers can be mechanically combed out and spun into yarn. Bamboo
fabric made from this process is sometimes called Bamboo Linen.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3. Bamboo fabric is naturally
anti-microbial, hypoallergenic and thermal regulating. It is also resistant to
mould. Bamboo breathes and wicks moisture away due to its porous nature.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4. Bamboo is naturally
eco-friendly, not organic.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="color: #0f243e; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 128;">Hemp</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1. Having the most eco-friendly
potential, these plants grow quickly and densely which makes it difficult for
weeds to hold on- no pesticides or herbicides needed. Hemp does not exhaust the
soil and enables sustainability by leaving the soil in excellent condition for
any succeeding crops.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2. Hemp is an extremely durable
fabric. It is also very insulating, absorbent and improves over time with
washing and wearing. It reveals a new surface becoming softer with every wash.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3. Hemp is also UV resistant,
highly breathable, fast drying and nonirritating to skin.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="color: #0f243e; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 128;">Ramie</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1. Ramie is a highly sustainable
eco-friendly fiber. It is very strong and durable also 8 times stronger than
cotton and even stronger when wet.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2.Ramie is a flowering plant, and
once the flowers begin to bloom, that is when the fibers are extracted from the
plant for spinning, it can be harvested up to 6 times in a successful year.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3. Ramie is naturally resistant
to bacteria, mould and mildew as well as light damage, rot or insect attack.</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #0f243e; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 128;">Linen</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1. Linen fibers are taken from
the Flax plant.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2. Linen is eco-friendly because
it is a natural fiber, meaning it takes little or no chemical fertilizer to
grow. Also once it is harvested all parts of the plant can be used, making
multiple by-products and nothing gets wasted.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3. Linen is cool and very
absorbent, great for summer wear. It is also extremely durable and strong, the
strongest of all natural fibers. </span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #0f243e; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 128;">Reasons of increasing the use of Eco
Friendly Textile fibers:</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1. <b>Social responsibility</b>:
Chemicals and pesticides invade drinking water and groundwater, polluting its
fish and even reaching human consumption. Organic and eco fibers grow without
any pesticides or chemical fertilizers.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2. <b>Biodegradable</b>: Eco and
organic fabric biodegrade naturally over time. Synthetic fibers eventually
become waste and let off harmful toxins when they degrade.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3. <b>Health</b>: Many people are
allergic or dislike wearing synthetic textiles. Eco fabrics have all the properties
of the new synthetic breathable fibers with added softness and drape. They feel
better against the skin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4. <b>Absorption</b>: Not only do
its chemicals reach into our groundwater, conventional clothing is worn next to
our most porous organ- our skin. Organic and eco-fibers are natural and do not
contain irritating chemicals. Many of them are also considered hypoallergenic
and naturally anti-bacterial.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">5. <b>Popularity</b>: Organic
foods have been around for a while and it is a natural evolution that organic
and ecofriendly fabrics will also gain popularity. Eco and Organic fabrics once
considered an alternative are now entering into the mainstream.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Finally, The sustainability has
become an essential attribute of today’s textile and clothing industry, the
process of transforming textile industry into more sustainable one is very
sensitive, needs a lot of knowledge, skills and commitment. Use of Sustainable fibers
in textiles is a part of this process and a step towards this milestone. These
might be possible only by increasing the uses of<b> Eco-Textile</b> fibers.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">So the future of Textile industry
depends on that type of product which have no hazardous impact on environment
and these product also can be found from ecofriendly fibers.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Based on this discussion we
recommend to increase the use of these fibers in textile industries to reduce
the environmental pollution of Bangladesh.</span></div>
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Bakhtiar Ranahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05717506143146621569noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4311817433733968403.post-49399919912557988392015-10-31T11:12:00.000-07:002015-11-25T23:53:22.648-08:00Report on Textile dyes and their application process<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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</style>
<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1031"/>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapelayout v:ext="edit">
<o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/>
</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]-->
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #632423; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 21.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Contents</span></span></i></b></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MediumShading2-Accent51" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 29.2pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: -1;">
<td style="background: #4BACC6; height: 29.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-yfti-cnfc: 517; tab-stops: 93.65pt;">
<b><span style="color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Serial</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #4BACC6; height: 29.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; tab-stops: 16.55pt 93.65pt center 152.1pt;">
<b><span style="color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Topic</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #4BACC6; height: 29.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; tab-stops: 93.65pt;">
<b><span style="color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Page</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="background: #4BACC6; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; tab-stops: 93.65pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #403152; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 21.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">1</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D8D8D8; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; tab-stops: 93.65pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #403152; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 21.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Introduction, Coloration &
Dyes</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D8D8D8; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; tab-stops: 93.65pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #403152; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 21.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">1</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; tab-stops: 93.65pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="background: #4BACC6; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4; tab-stops: 93.65pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #403152; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 21.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">2</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 93.65pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #403152; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 21.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Classification of dyes</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 93.65pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #403152; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 21.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">1,2</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 93.65pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="background: #4BACC6; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; tab-stops: 93.65pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #403152; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 21.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">3</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D8D8D8; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; tab-stops: 93.65pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #403152; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 21.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Classification table according
to application</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D8D8D8; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; tab-stops: 93.65pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #403152; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 21.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">2,3</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; tab-stops: 93.65pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="background: #4BACC6; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4; tab-stops: 93.65pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #403152; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 21.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">4</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 93.65pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #403152; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 21.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Information about Popular dyes</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 93.65pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #403152; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 21.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">3,4,5,6</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 93.65pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="background: #4BACC6; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; tab-stops: 93.65pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #403152; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 21.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">5</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D8D8D8; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; tab-stops: 93.65pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #403152; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 21.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Other important dyes</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D8D8D8; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; tab-stops: 93.65pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #403152; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 21.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">6,7</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; tab-stops: 93.65pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="background: #4BACC6; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4; tab-stops: 93.65pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #403152; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 21.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">6</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 93.65pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #403152; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 21.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Brief discussion about dyes selection
on fibers</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 93.65pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #403152; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 21.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">7,8,9</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 93.65pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="background: #4BACC6; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; tab-stops: 93.65pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #403152; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 21.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">7</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D8D8D8; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 315.0pt;" valign="top" width="420"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; tab-stops: 93.65pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #403152; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 21.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">References</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D8D8D8; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.4pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; tab-stops: 93.65pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #403152; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 21.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">9</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; tab-stops: 93.65pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 93.65pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 93.65pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<b><span style="color: #244061; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 128;">Introduction</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Production of colored textiles is one of the basic
technologies in human civilization. Textile consumption is steadily increasing
worldwide, following the growth of world population and stimulated by a growing
GDP in many countries, primarily in Asia .The scale and growth of the dyes
industry has been complicate linked to that of the textile industry. World
textile production has grown steadily to an estimated 35 ×1000000 ton in 1990 .
The two most important textile fibers are cotton and polyester. Consequently,
dye manufacturers tend to concentrate their efforts on producing dyes for these
two fibers. The estimated world production in 1990 was 1x 1000000t. The figure
is significantly smaller than that for textile fibers because a little dye goes
a long way. For example, 1 t of dye is sufficient to color 42 000 suits .
Overall the demand of dyeing chemicals are rapidly increasing from the beginning
of industrialization of textile.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<b><span style="color: #0f243e; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 128;">Textile
Coloration</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Textile coloration is a generalize process of textile
where the fiber become colored by specific dyestuff with the help of dye- fiber
interaction. In textile dyeing process , the use of dyestuff is mandatory.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<b><span style="color: #0f243e; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 128;">Dyes</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Dyes are the chemical which is use to make colored
textile. It has a vast derivative area . Here we are giving a short discussion
about dyestuff classification and their selective methodology below.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<b><span style="color: #0f243e; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 128;">Classification
of Dyes</span></b><span style="color: #0f243e; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 128;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">There are several ways for classification of dyes.
Those are listed below,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text2;">Dyes according
to the source</span></b><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A very common classification of the dyestuff <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is based on the source from which it is made.
According to source, dyes are generally two types. Those are as follows,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Natural
dyes</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•
Synthetic dyes</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="color: #0f243e; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 128;">Natural dyes</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Man has been used coloring materials
over thousand years. Most of that case the sources of these coloring materials
are nature. Which dyes are the common derivatives of natural resources those
are called as natural dyes. Natural dyes are often negatively charged. For
special case it might be positively charged. Although the molecular charge is
often shown on a specific atom in structural formulae, it is the whole molecule
that is charged. The use of dyes is very ancient. Kermes (natural red 3) is
identified in the bible book of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Exodus,
where references are made to scarlet colored linen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Today, many of the traditional dye
sources are rarely but some of our most common dyes are still derived from
natural sources. These are also termed as natural dyes.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="color: #0f243e; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 128;">Synthetic Dyes </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dyes derived from organic or
inorganic compound are known as synthetic dyes. Examples of this class of dyes
are Direct, Acid, Basic, Reactive, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordant" title="Mordant"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mordant</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Metal complex, Vat, Sulfur , Disperse dye etc.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<b><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text2;">Dyes according
to the nuclear structure</span></b><b><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text2;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Though not very popular but dyes can
be categorized into types by using this method of classification:<br />
• Cationic Dyes<br />
• Anionic Dyes</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<b><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text2;">Industrial
Classification of the Dyes</span></b><b><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text2;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As globally majority of the dyestuff
is primarily consumed by the textile industry. So, at this level a
classification can be done according to their performances in the dyeing
processes. Worldwide around 60% of the dyestuffs are based on azo dyes that
gets consumed by in the textile finishing process. Major classes of dyes in
textile finishing are given here. Major Dye classes and the substrates:<br />
• Protein Textile Dyes<br />
• Cellulose Textile Dyes<br />
• Synthetic Textile Dyes</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Now the most common specified
classification of dyes according to their application are giving on the table
shown below :</span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 9.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 613px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 26.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 26.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.75pt;" valign="top" width="124"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Specification</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 26.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 194.2pt;" valign="top" width="259"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Application
area</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 26.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 172.95pt;" valign="top" width="231"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Method
of application</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 20.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.75pt;" valign="top" width="124"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Acid</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 194.2pt;" valign="top" width="259"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Nylon, wool,
silk, paper, inks, and leather.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 172.95pt;" valign="top" width="231"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Usually from neutral to acidic
dyebaths.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 19.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.75pt;" valign="top" width="124"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Azoic</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 194.2pt;" valign="top" width="259"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Printing
inks and pigments.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 172.95pt;" valign="top" width="231"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Fiber
impregnated with coupling</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">component
and treated with a</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">solution
of stabilized diazonium</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4311817433733968403" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://textlnfo.files.wordpress.com/2011/12/image16.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4311817433733968403" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://textlnfo.files.wordpress.com/2011/12/image7.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://textlnfo.files.wordpress.com/2011/12/image4.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">salt.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 20.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.75pt;" valign="top" width="124"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Basic</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 194.2pt;" valign="top" width="259"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Paper, polyacrylonitrile, modified
nylon, polyester and inks.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 172.95pt;" valign="top" width="231"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Applied
from acidic dyebaths.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 20.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.75pt;" valign="top" width="124"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Direct</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 194.2pt;" valign="top" width="259"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cotton, rayon, paper,leather and
nylon.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 172.95pt;" valign="top" width="231"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Applied from neutral or slightly alkaline
baths containing additional electrolyte.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 19.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.75pt;" valign="top" width="124"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Disperse</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 194.2pt;" valign="top" width="259"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Polyester, polyamide, acetate,
acrylic and plastics.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 172.95pt;" valign="top" width="231"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fine aqueous dispersions often
applied by high temperature/pressure or lower temperature carrier methods;
dye may be padded on cloth and baked on or thermo fixed.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 20.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.75pt;" valign="top" width="124"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reactive</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 194.2pt;" valign="top" width="259"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cotton, wool, silk, and nylon.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 172.95pt;" valign="top" width="231"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reactive
site on dye reacts with functional group on fiber to bind dye covalently
under influence of heat and pH (alkaline).</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 20.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.75pt;" valign="top" width="124"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Solvent</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 194.2pt;" valign="top" width="259"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Plastics, gasoline, varnishes,
lacquers, stains, inks, fats, oils, and waxes.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 172.95pt;" valign="top" width="231"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dissolution in the substrate.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 20.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.75pt;" valign="top" width="124"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sulphur</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 194.2pt;" valign="top" width="259"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cotton and rayon.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 172.95pt;" valign="top" width="231"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aromatic substrate vatted with
sodium sulfide and reoxidized to insoluble sulfur-containing products on
fiber.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 20.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.75pt;" valign="top" width="124"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 194.2pt;" valign="top" width="259"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cotton, rayon, and wool.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 172.95pt;" valign="top" width="231"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Water-insoluble dyes solubilized
by reducing with sodium hydrogensulfite, then exhausted on fiber and
reoxidized.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 20.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.75pt;" valign="top" width="124"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mordant</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 194.2pt;" valign="top" width="259"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wool, leather, and anodized aluminium.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 172.95pt;" valign="top" width="231"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Applied in conjunction with Cr
salts</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text2;">Now
a brief discussion about some of most popular dyes are listed below :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="color: #0f243e; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 128;">Direct dyes</span></b><span style="color: #0f243e; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 128;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The name ‘direct dye’ alludes to the
fact that these dyes do not require any form of ‘fixing’. They are almost
always azo dyes, with some similarities to acid dyes. They also have sulphonate
functionality, but in this case, it is only to improve solubility, as the
negative charges on dye and fibre will repel each other. Their flat shape and
their length enable them to lie along-side cellulose fibres and maximize the
Van-der-Waals, dipole and hydrogen bonds.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Structure of a typical direct dye is
given below,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Note that the sulphonate groups are
spread evenly along the molecule on the opposite side to the hydrogen bonding
-OH groups, to minimize any repulsive effects.</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmsxtefQW1iXphBT2Evr8F0ECus62qQ-o051D4m7-1LE18wNQ1XEfyX5STN5WYfj-i9SqfDrEPp_Nfs3ZzcJtW9j8AK7L-vCDbRUPCXT92jGuf4PkY6Fsr8SN_sk9Q5tU78Si_z6ijD94/s1600/direct.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="140" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmsxtefQW1iXphBT2Evr8F0ECus62qQ-o051D4m7-1LE18wNQ1XEfyX5STN5WYfj-i9SqfDrEPp_Nfs3ZzcJtW9j8AK7L-vCDbRUPCXT92jGuf4PkY6Fsr8SN_sk9Q5tU78Si_z6ijD94/s320/direct.png" width="320" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Fig : Structre of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Direct dyes<br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="color: #0f243e; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 128;">Vat dyes</span></b><span style="color: #0f243e; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 128;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vat dyes are a good example of the
cross-over between dyes and pigments. Large, planar and often containing
multi-ring systems, vat dyes come exclusively from the carbonyl class of dyes
(for example, indigo). The ring systems of the vat dyes help to strengthen the
Van-der-Waals forces between dye and fibre.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfnWFIfCs4ukra4ONj3F9TM09XQtL3WT6ZLXxqxKMJlF4niAsT4pEX7giyJ3tP3o28BUHhoRL1ucCQ7-wmD3GpQLFJA_fGUch4jKzCb-8S4gdx4rN-4JwGZLSnaN_mKCs7_Jbl0II0lBk/s1600/vat.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfnWFIfCs4ukra4ONj3F9TM09XQtL3WT6ZLXxqxKMJlF4niAsT4pEX7giyJ3tP3o28BUHhoRL1ucCQ7-wmD3GpQLFJA_fGUch4jKzCb-8S4gdx4rN-4JwGZLSnaN_mKCs7_Jbl0II0lBk/s1600/vat.png" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Fig : Structure of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Vat dyes<br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="color: #0f243e; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 128;">Basic dyes</span></b><span style="color: #0f243e; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 128;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Basic dyes possess cationic
functional groups such as -NR3+ or =NR2+. The name ‘basic dye’ refers to when
these dyes were still used to dye wool in an alkaline bath. Protein in basic
conditions develops a negative charge as the -COOH groups are deprotonated to
give -COO-Basic dyes perform poorly on natural fibres, but work very well on
acrylics. A general structure of an acrylic type polymer is shown below. It is
simplified, and doesn’t show any anionic groups which are often present.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpheTzSbRmclNIKdHZ2u-TCAryhawQtJ9SGjDLLgnM5Iimh2kCZQEiKfrDz453GsERD5Lxt8HlQrB7OHwvWpbgGvAWe3ccNI9-BkUUK7eGai3e0ldBJSsJBgaRMhVfElzQkDJigBC0HAg/s1600/basic.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpheTzSbRmclNIKdHZ2u-TCAryhawQtJ9SGjDLLgnM5Iimh2kCZQEiKfrDz453GsERD5Lxt8HlQrB7OHwvWpbgGvAWe3ccNI9-BkUUK7eGai3e0ldBJSsJBgaRMhVfElzQkDJigBC0HAg/s1600/basic.png" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Fig : Structure of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Basic dyes</span></div>
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</div>
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<b><span style="color: #0f243e; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 128;">Reactive Dyes</span></b><span style="color: #0f243e; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 128;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A reactive dye will form a covalent
bond with the appropriate textile functionality. This is of great interest,
since, once attached, they are very difficult to remove. The first reactive
dyes were designed for cellulose fibres, and they are still used mostly in this
way. There are also commercially availablreactive dyes for protein and polyamide
fibres. In theory, reactive dyes have been developed for other fibres, but
these are not yet practical commercially. Although reactive dyes have been a
goal for quite some time, the breakthrough came fairly late, in 1954. Prior to
then, attempts to react the dye and fibres involved harsh conditions that often
resulted in degradation of the textile.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Basic interaction of reactive dyes
are shown below,</span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSUwf07HwY5Yv8KK2kCBCj0o5BcoL2ZPp0X-vuIyLPIKuHvxaUxWgkCWJNpFRk5RAb4AoK0a31r5HFhEZc3s7BSiLQpeng_Gw-DgSGAcK_gLPc4F1S8jb88bWI-OAls7c6pqTZ0JJDU7w/s1600/reactv.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="168" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSUwf07HwY5Yv8KK2kCBCj0o5BcoL2ZPp0X-vuIyLPIKuHvxaUxWgkCWJNpFRk5RAb4AoK0a31r5HFhEZc3s7BSiLQpeng_Gw-DgSGAcK_gLPc4F1S8jb88bWI-OAls7c6pqTZ0JJDU7w/s400/reactv.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="color: #0f243e; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 128;">Disperse dyes</span></b><span style="color: #0f243e; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 128;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Disperse dyes have low solubility in
water, but they can interact with the polyester chains by forming dispersed
particles. Their main use is the dyeing of polyesters, and they find minor use
dyeing cellulose acetates and polyamides. The general structure of disperse
dyes is small, planar and non-ionic, with attached polar functional groups like
-NO2 and -CN. The shape makes it easier for the dye to slide between the
tightly-packed polymer chains, and the polar groups improve the water
solubility, improve the dipolar bonding between dye and polymer and affect the
colour of the dye. However, their small size means that disperse dyes are quite
volatile, and tend to sublime out of the polymer at sufficiently high
temperatures.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The dye is generally applied under
pressure, at temperatures of about 130°C. At this temperature, thermal
agitation causes the polymer’s structure to become looser and less crystalline,
opening gaps for the dye molecules to enter. The interactions between dye and
polymer are thought to be Van-der-Waals and dipole forces.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A common structure of disperse dyes
are given to another page ,</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtvCYUe89lGsBbIAO2Q_eKbKzCoc7wAe006IOUjCt_LDlnHFt9BThckdFfVjBe03-UsoEsXgMB_guGUtXZUSIkaKdgkzL8lkfLWxo0tsfJEx2VFXacr6KpNLS5-zrSpAwTY8VQP0jliP8/s1600/dsprse.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="147" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtvCYUe89lGsBbIAO2Q_eKbKzCoc7wAe006IOUjCt_LDlnHFt9BThckdFfVjBe03-UsoEsXgMB_guGUtXZUSIkaKdgkzL8lkfLWxo0tsfJEx2VFXacr6KpNLS5-zrSpAwTY8VQP0jliP8/s400/dsprse.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Fig : Structure of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Disperse
dyes<br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
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<b><span style="color: #0f243e; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 128;">Mordant dyes</span></b><span style="color: #0f243e; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 128;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mordant is a Latin word meaning ‘to
bite’. Mordants act as ‘fixing agents’ to improve the colour fastness of some
acid dyes, which have the ability to form complexes with metal ions. Mordants
are usually metal salts; alum was commonly used for ancient dyes, but there is
a large range of other metallic salt mordants available. Each one gives a
different colour with any particular dye, by forming an insoluble complex with
the dye molecules.</span></div>
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" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fig : Structure of Mordant dyes</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="color: #0f243e; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 128;">Other important dyes</span></b><span style="color: #0f243e; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 128;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A number of other classes have also
been established, based among others on application that includes the
following:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Leather Dyes – Used for leather.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Oxidation Dyes – Used mainly for
hair.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Optical Brighteners – Used primarily
for textile fibres and paper.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Solvent Dyes – For application in
wood staining and production of coloured lacquers, solvent inks, waxes and
colouring oils etc.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fluorescent Dyes – A very innovative
dye. Used for application in sports good etc.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fuel Dyes – As the name suggests it
is used in fuels.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Smoke Dyes – Used in military
activities.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sublimation Dyes – For application
in textile printing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Inkjet Dyes – Writing industry
including the inkjet printers.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Leuco Dyes – Has a wide variety of
applications including electronic industries and papers.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Among this large specified area of
dyes, the specific fiber needs the specific one. So the dye selection for fiber
is very important issue in textile dyeing process.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="color: #0f243e; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 128;">Dye selection</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The selection of a specific dye on
specific fiber for dyeing application <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>are
termed as dye selection process. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Here some common reason of dyestuff
selection factors for re-known textile <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>materials are given.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="color: #0f243e; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 128;">Reactive Dyes on Cellulose and Other Fibers</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reactive dyes are the newest class
of dyes for cellulose fibers.ICI introduced the first group of reactive dyes
for cellulose fibers in 1956. In the dye molecule, a chromophore <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is combined with one or more functional
groups, the so-called anchors, that can react with cellulose. Under suitable
dyeing conditions, covalent bonds are form<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>between dye and fiber. One-third of the dyes used for cellulose fibers
today are reactive dyes. The range of available reactive dyes is wide and
enables a large number of dyeing techniques to be used. Shades ranging from
brilliant to muted can be obtained. They have better wet fastness properties
than the less expensive direct dyes. Chlorine fastness is slightly poorer than
that of vat dyes, as is light fastness under severe conditions.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In addition to cellulose, many other
fibers can be dyed with reactive dyes, providedthey have chemical groups
capable of forming a chemical bond with the reactive dye, e.g. wool or
polyamide fibers.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="color: #0f243e; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 128;">Reactive Dyes on Wool and Silk</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reactive dyes produce brilliant
shades on wool with good fastness. They differ from reactive dyes for cellulose
fibers because the reactivity of the chemo active groups in wool is
considerably higher than that of the hydroxyl groups in cellulose. To achieve
level dyeing on wool, dyes with reduced reactivity must be used, and an
auxiliary agent added.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="color: #0f243e; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 128;">Direct Dyes on Cellulosic Fibers</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">In contrast to some naturally
occurring dyes like indigo or kermes, which must be vatted or mordanted to be
applied in textile dyeing but direct or substantive dyescan be used on
cellulosic fibers directly. Their use is widespread because of their easy
handling.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Direct dye can also easily handle
the printing on cellulosic fiber.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="color: #0f243e; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 128;">Sulfur Dyes on Cellulosic Fibers</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The dyeing of cellulose and its
blends with synthetic fibers, is the main field of application of sulfur dyes.
They are also used to a limited extent to dye polyamide fibers, silk, leather,
paper, and wood. These dyes are used for deeper, muted shades, such as black,
dark blue, olive, brown, and green, where their favorable price has its full
effect. With respect to fastness, sulfur dyes are close to vat dyes but not
equal to them. They have varying light fastness; the wash fastness at 60°C is
good, and their fastness to boiling water is moderate. Wet fastness can be
improved by after treatment of the dyeing with quaternary (poly) ammonium
compounds or formaldehyde condensation products. Most sulfur dyeing are not
fast to chlorine. Therefore, faulty dyeing can be stripped by treatment with
sodium hypochlorite.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="color: #0f243e; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 128;">Acid Dyes on Wool</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The presence of aliphatic groups
in the acid dye molecule contributes to a substantial increase in binding to
wool, converting leveling dyes to types that are fast to fulling. The sulfonic
acid groups determine not only the number of possible ionic bonds to the fiber,
but also hydration, which counteracts binding.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="color: #0f243e; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 128;">Disperse Dyes on Polyester</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The Polyester fiber is
quantitatively the most important synthetic fiber. Their inexpensive production
from petrochemical raw materials and excellent textile properties alone and in
combination with natural fibers guarantee PES fibers universal applicability.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PES fibers are hydrophobic,
water-soluble dyes do not attach. In contrast, PES fibers can be dyed easily
with water-insoluble, small molecular dyes originally developed for dyeing
cellulose acetate. Since the preferred dyeing mediumis an aqueous liquor, the
poorly water-soluble dyes must be dispersed before application.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="color: #0f243e; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 128;">Vat Dyes on Cellulosic Fibers</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vat dyes are water-insoluble,
organic pigments that are used to dye cotton andother cellulose fibers. The
principle of vat dyeing is based on chemical reductionof these dyes to the
leuco compounds, which are soluble in aqueous alkali and exhibit fiber affinity,
followed by re-oxidation within the fiber to the water-insoluble starting dye.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="color: #0f243e; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 128;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="color: #0f243e; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 128;">Azo (Naphtol AS) Dyes on Cellulosic Fibers</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The dyeing process is carried out in
steps: First, a cotton fabric is impregnated with a solution of sodium
naphtholate and, after drying, is passed through a solution of a diazotized
aniline derivative to give an attractive deep dyeing. Besides bases that need
to be diazotized before use in dyeing, diazotized diazonium compounds in
stabilized form are also being marketed as fast color salts. Cellulosic fibers
in all processing states can be dyed with Naphtol AS combinations. Handling is
safe and relatively simple.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Based on these above discussion we
can include that all the derivatives of dyestuff and their proper application
on suitable textile materials are very important for textile coloration
process.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text2;">References</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">‘‘Industrial Dyes’’ Edited By : K.
Hunger</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">‘‘Industrial Color Testing Fundamentals
and Techniques’’ by _ ‘Voltz <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H.G’</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">‘‘ Textinfo.blogspot.com’’</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Special Thanks to <b>Dr. Saiful
Islam</b> Sir for his precious assistance to make this project successfully.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8XGw89BqyRIXqcswu-k1Qoyp3oRmsM7fO9BBbDy0Jj0EOuGGzUhMXVs2HFC7oSZGUJNG2Oi9GQlkdJnKd_eh9QMgL2eBrF3MMHtM_fpNjf3psgo31TDZV0bWXDuge6iY_IcWPSXwHz9s/s1600/Ash+bledger.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="188" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8XGw89BqyRIXqcswu-k1Qoyp3oRmsM7fO9BBbDy0Jj0EOuGGzUhMXVs2HFC7oSZGUJNG2Oi9GQlkdJnKd_eh9QMgL2eBrF3MMHtM_fpNjf3psgo31TDZV0bWXDuge6iY_IcWPSXwHz9s/s200/Ash+bledger.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Md. Bakhtiar<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> Rana</span></span></b></i></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Department
of Textile Engineering</span></b></i></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">City
University Bangladesh</span></b></i></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
</div>
Bakhtiar Ranahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05717506143146621569noreply@blogger.com0